1 Introduction
1.1 What these pages are about
1.2 Basic assumption
3 Focus Distance
3.1 Minimum focus distance
4 Aperture
4.1 F-stop
4.2 Maximum aperture
4.3 Standard stop scales
5 Magnification
5.1 Approximation
5.2 Notation
6 Extension Tubes
6.1 Focus distance and image distance
6.2 Extending the image distance
6.3 Effective focus distance
7 Working Distance
7.1 Focal length and working distance
8 Depth of Field
8.1 Circle of confusion
8.2 Limits of acceptable sharpness
8.3 Approximation
8.4 Depth of field vs. focal length, distance and aperture
8.5 Depth of field vs. magnification
9 Hyperfocal Distance
9.1 Approximation
9.2 Near limit
9.3 Practical considerations
10 Infinity Focus
10.1 Minimum subject size
10.2 Merklinger’s approach
10.3 Hyperfocal distance revisited
11 Bokeh
11.1 Size of bokeh circles
11.2 Approximation
12 Resolution
13 Diffraction
12 Accuracy
12.1 Magnification
12.1.1 Non-macro lenses
12.1.2 Macro lenses
12.1.3 Focus breathing
12.2 Depth of field
Appendix